# Beam-forming

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### Conferences related to Beam-forming

2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting

The joint meeting is intended to provide an international forum for the exchange of information on state of the art research in the area of antennas and propagation, electromagnetic engineering and radio science

2020 57th ACM/ESDA/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)

The world's premier EDA and semiconductor design conference and exhibition. DAC features over 60 sessions on design methodologies and EDA tool developments, keynotes, panels, plus the NEW User Track presentations. A diverse worldwide community representing more than 1,000 organizations attends each year, from system designers and architects, logic and circuit designers, validation engineers, CAD managers, senior managers and executives to researchers and academicians from leading universities.

2020 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS)

IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS) is an annual conference coordinated by the Plasma Science and Application Committee (PSAC) of the IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sciences Society.

2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)

The Conference focuses on all aspects of instrumentation and measurement science andtechnology research development and applications. The list of program topics includes but isnot limited to: Measurement Science & Education, Measurement Systems, Measurement DataAcquisition, Measurements of Physical Quantities, and Measurement Applications.

2020 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)

ISSCC is the foremost global forum for solid-state circuits and systems-on-a-chip. The Conference offers 5 days of technical papers and educational events related to integrated circuits, including analog, digital, data converters, memory, RF, communications, imagers, medical and MEMS ICs.

### Periodicals related to Beam-forming

The IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine publishes articles concerned with the various aspects of systems for space, air, ocean, or ground environments.

Experimental and theoretical advances in antennas including design and development, and in the propagation of electromagnetic waves including scattering, diffraction and interaction with continuous media; and applications pertinent to antennas and propagation, such as remote sensing, applied optics, and millimeter and submillimeter wave techniques.

Contains articles on the applications and other relevant technology. Electronic applications include analog and digital circuits employing thin films and active devices such as Josephson junctions. Power applications include magnet design as well asmotors, generators, and power transmission

Covers topics in the scope of IEEE Transactions on Communications but in the form of very brief publication (maximum of 6column lengths, including all diagrams and tables.)

Telephone, telegraphy, facsimile, and point-to-point television, by electromagnetic propagation, including radio; wire; aerial, underground, coaxial, and submarine cables; waveguides, communication satellites, and lasers; in marine, aeronautical, space and fixed station services; repeaters, radio relaying, signal storage, and regeneration; telecommunication error detection and correction; multiplexing and carrier techniques; communication switching systems; data communications; and communication theory. In addition to the above, ...

### Xplore Articles related to Beam-forming

2018 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC/APEMC), 2018

In this paper, we present an Non-Uniform Norm constrained least mean square (NU-CNLMS) adaptive beam-forming algorithm which can improve the pattern for antenna array with failure elements by exploiting the sparsity property of it. The new algorithm modifies the cost function of classical constrained least mean squares algorithm in order to reach the optimum norm constraint for adaptive beam-forming system ...

2016 IEEE/OES China Ocean Acoustics (COA), 2016

Far-field beam-forming is applied in the detection system of large-aperture optical towed linear arrays to estimate the direction of targets. Actually, for a large-aperture line array, multiple targets are located in near-field. In these circumstances, if we still use far-field beam-forming for approximate processing, it will cause bearing-amplitude distortion which seriously influences the precision of the target direction estimate. For ...

2018 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 2018

A cosecant shaped-beam array antenna with extremely high gain is proposed. This article utilizes an effective synthesis method to design a high gain cosecant beam-forming array antenna. A program for Synthesis of cosecant beam- forming is compiled, using Perturbation alternating projections method for Pattern Synthesis. By employing this method, a huge cosecant beam-forming antenna array of 128 ×16 units is ...

2011 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), 2011

In the case of mutual coupling the DOA (Direction of Arrival) and adaptive beam forming algorithms are analyzed. In practice the mutual coupling between the array elements can not be avoided. Thus the precision of DOA and beam forming performance are affected because of the change of array response vector aroused by the mutual coupling. The algorithms of DOA are ...

2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2015

This paper presents an experimental validation of a developed feeding technique applied to a novel antenna system called electromagnetic band gap matrix antenna'. The experimental validation will not only demonstrate the theoretical concept of the antenna, but it will also show the efficiency of applying a developed excitation law which enables us to obtain a sectorial radiation pattern presenting a ...

### Educational Resources on Beam-forming

#### IEEE-USA E-Books

• In this paper, we present an Non-Uniform Norm constrained least mean square (NU-CNLMS) adaptive beam-forming algorithm which can improve the pattern for antenna array with failure elements by exploiting the sparsity property of it. The new algorithm modifies the cost function of classical constrained least mean squares algorithm in order to reach the optimum norm constraint for adaptive beam-forming system with different sparsity. So, we make a great trade-off between the sparsity and estimation bias generated by norm constraint. When employing this algorithm to antenna array, we can get a large aperture antenna array with few elements which is identical to the situation of failure elements existing. We investigate the effectiveness of new algorithm by simulation results which showed the performance of NU-CNLMS is superior to the other sparse adaptive beam-forming in terms of convergence speed and sparsity.

• Far-field beam-forming is applied in the detection system of large-aperture optical towed linear arrays to estimate the direction of targets. Actually, for a large-aperture line array, multiple targets are located in near-field. In these circumstances, if we still use far-field beam-forming for approximate processing, it will cause bearing-amplitude distortion which seriously influences the precision of the target direction estimate. For such targets, this paper compares the performance of near-field focused beam-forming and far-field beam-forming through simulation and towed trials data. The results show that, when detecting targets which can't be considered to be located in far-field, near-field focused beam-forming can achieve the narrowest beam width and the strongest focused energy. It can also effectively improve the precision of target direction finding and estimate target distance. The value of applying near-field focused beam-forming in the detection system of large- aperture optical towed linear arrays is confirmed.

• A cosecant shaped-beam array antenna with extremely high gain is proposed. This article utilizes an effective synthesis method to design a high gain cosecant beam-forming array antenna. A program for Synthesis of cosecant beam- forming is compiled, using Perturbation alternating projections method for Pattern Synthesis. By employing this method, a huge cosecant beam-forming antenna array of 128 ×16 units is proposed, which provides an extremely high gain of 42.1dB. This design of given both shaped amplitude and phase of each antenna unit, can be controlled to produce a squared cosecant beam. Absence of amplitude and phase shift distribution graphs, processes of design is illustrated in detail, which generates the shaped pattern. A proposed antenna is designed at the frequency band of 1.44-1.74GHz, and simulated by full-wave analyzer HFSS software to validate the proposed method.

• In the case of mutual coupling the DOA (Direction of Arrival) and adaptive beam forming algorithms are analyzed. In practice the mutual coupling between the array elements can not be avoided. Thus the precision of DOA and beam forming performance are affected because of the change of array response vector aroused by the mutual coupling. The algorithms of DOA are deduced with the equivalent network method when the mutual coupling is considered. For the beam forming pattern in the uniform line array the mutual coupling compensation is realized with a new iterative technique proposed. The simulation results show that the compensation is effective.

• This paper presents an experimental validation of a developed feeding technique applied to a novel antenna system called electromagnetic band gap matrix antenna'. The experimental validation will not only demonstrate the theoretical concept of the antenna, but it will also show the efficiency of applying a developed excitation law which enables us to obtain a sectorial radiation pattern presenting a quasi-constant gain over an angular range of 18° with low side lobes level less than -20 dB. The feeding technique process is described in this paper and some experimental results are presented to demonstrate the beam forming and steering capabilities of the matrix antenna.

• Optical ring resonators (ORRs) are good candidates to provide continuously tunable delay in optical beam forming networks (OBFNs) for phased array antenna systems. Delay and splitting/combining elements can be integrated on a single optical chip to form an OBFN. A state-of-the-art ring resonator-based 1times 8 OBFN chip has been fabricated in complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor-compatible waveguide technology. A binary tree topology is used for the network such that a different number of ORRs is cascaded for delay generation at each output. In this letter, the principle of operation is explained and demonstrated by presenting some measurement results on the 1times 8 OBFN chip.

• Targets' radiated noise always belongs to wide-band signal, and its energy distributes not average in whole band, which influences broad band beam- forming effect. The paper studies the theory of vector array steered minimum variance beam-forming algorithm (STMV), and its performance is analyzed and proved by simulation and two sea trials. The sea trials results show that vector array STMV has lower side lobe and narrower main lobe, which is more useful for multi-target distinguishing. Especially it hasn't false grating lobe which is more advantaged for multi-target detection and tracking. In order to analyze the local precise and global characters of all targets, we divide the broadband signal into several sub bands, and the STMV is carried out in both the sub bands and whole band in this paper. The optimal engineering realization way of broadband vector array STMV is proposed from the view of practical application point. By analyzing the spatial spectrums of sub bands and whole band signals, the weak targets detection and multi-target tracking capability of the vector STMV is enhanced significantly.

• A Ka-band phase shifting low noise amplifier (LNA) using stacked-FET structure in 14nm FinFET CMOS is presented for 5G beam forming array. The gate capacitance of the middle CG-FET is adjusted for phase variation. The additionally stacked CG-FET provides low load impedance to the phase shifting CG-FET for minimizing gain error. Moreover, the higher output isolation for stable phase shifting and power gain can be achieved by additional CG-FET stacking. The designed phase shifting low noise amplifier shows a gain of 15 dB and noise figure of 5 dB with less than 2 dB gain variation while the phase shifting can be controlled up to 22.5 degrees from 30 GHz to 40 GHz. The use of the developed phase shifting LNA can give a better phase and gain performance resulting in the improved array factor in the 5G beam-forming array network.

• Digitized beam-forming metal reflectarray antennas are designed for millimeter-wave region. The phase control of antennas has been implemented by the reconfiguration of rectangular grooves on a metal plate. The antenna has 1,147 elements arranged in an aluminum metal plate. All depths of metal grooves are elaborately manipulated and digitized for designed phase control of high-gain beam-aimed reflectors. We have demonstrated digitized reconfigurable metal reflectarray to steer re-radiated millimeter-wave field from the reflector in a two dimensional plane. The proposed antennas can be a helpful choice for millimeter-wave applications requiring high-gain beam- forming antennas.

• In this paper, a CRLH Leaky-wave two-dimensional array antenna for hemispherical beam-forming aimed at V2X communication is proposed. This antenna is composed of 4×4 feed-network and 4 rows of CRLH leaky-wave radiating structures that adopt the capacitive inter-element coupled mushrooms. Every single capacitive coupling uses 0.75 pF. We will show beam- forming and enhanced gain performances.

### Standards related to Beam-forming

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